SATURDAY 11^th March 2000

Helen Gee welcomed delegates to Battery Point Community Centre for the weekend Forum. She shared with us her personal grief at the ongoing destruction of the Picton River and forests by continuous logging within the 100m required protection strip, accentuating that "We are not knockers! We are only trying to bring attention to the problems in order to find a solution before it's too late."
 
 

Elizabeth Daley, (School of Geog & Env. Studies, Uni of Tas)

In her thesis Landcover, Climate and Streamflow in the Coal River Catchment 1965-1997, Elizabeth investigated the effect of changes in land cover on the flow of the Coal River with a catchment area of about 540 km2.

Land cover, categorised into six broad elements, was mapped from aerial photographs of the catchment. Elizabeth showed a video that mimicked the effect of "flying-over" the catchment as it was in 1965 and 1997. Changes in forest, woodland, native grasslands, agricultural lands, urban areas and the increase is dams were easily seen.

Over the 33 years of the study, 35 km2 of forest was lost and there were increases in woodland, grassland, agricultural, urban areas and dams. Whilst there were some examples of large-scale forest clearance, most of the loss of forest occurred as a result of many people throughout the catchment clearing a small portion - "death by a thousand cuts".

In the last 20 years, rainfall in the catchment has decreased especially in late summer and early autumn. In this dry area, annual evaporation is always much higher than annual rainfall. With increased dams, higher irrigation demands and high evaporation rates, the stream flow patterns in the Coal River catchment no longer correlate with rainfall patterns.

The relationship between land cover and streamflow was investigated using the Simple Water Balance Model developed by the CRC for Catchment Hydrology and CSIRO. This model closely predicts flow on the basis of land cover without the use of complex technology and may be a useful management tool for natural resource management planning. The model showed that land cover in the catchment had only minor effects on flow.

Other studies have shown a link between forest clearance and increased soil salinity. Recent studies show that 14% of agricultural land in the Coal River catchment is saline. A re-forestation program and a review of water usage at a catchment scale needs to be undertaken to reduce further salination of the soils.

Management of the Coal River catchment includes three councils, a catchment committee and the board of the South-East Irrigation Scheme. These groups need to work more closely together on water management issues if the catchment is to continue its role as a primary agricultural area within Tasmania. "A catchment-scale, historical, knowledge and understanding of land cover changes is important for future catchment management."

For more scientific information on catchment hydrology: www.clw.csiro.au
 
 

Dr Helen Dunn, (School of Geog & Env. Studies, Uni of Tas)

Assessing the Ecological Value of Rivers: planning for river restoration and conservation.

Helen Dunn was commissioned to determine how rivers of high ecological importance could be identified.

Her objectives were:

1. To develop a framework for identifying rivers of high ecological value.
2. Identifying opportunities and constraints and the mechanisms to identify them.

The results showed that the most effective protection measures were conservation of natural flow regimes, legislative protection, preservation of riperian vegetation and control of land clearance. Also rated as highly important were integrated catchment management, control of diffuse discharge (such as waste), and control of grazing and feral animals.

Identifying ecological values of rivers is an important component for catchment management. An ecological analysis of all the river processes must be understood before intervention. By knowing the widest range of facts possible, priorities can be set, and damage to other values can be avoided. For example: hasty removal of willows can sometimes cause loss of habitat and bank destabilization.

In discussing restoration of degraded rivers, Dr Dunn reminded us to be careful not to "point the finger"- it is often complex systems that effect a river. It is not always possible to restore a river to pre- European condition. Instead, "rehabilitation" to an ecologically healthy state is a more applicable option.

Nevertheless, the best way to look after our rivers is to protect those of high conservation value. If a comprehensive range of different rivers are not left as natural, we will have no models on which to base restoration. Dr Dunn's slides showed how small water courses, or those without great aesthetic value, can be extremely important ecologically. Their importance may be in terms of the biota or the chemistry of the river. It may lie in the nature of the unique geomorphology or the sporadic flow; or perhaps in its role as an habitat corridor. In other words, the instream biology of the river is not necessarily the most important value.

Usually rivers are protected by default, for their recreational purposes or because they lie within a particularly significant area. As yet, there is no specific protection mechanism to protect a river.

A manual on river rehabilitation is available at www.i.wrrdc.gov.au
 
 

Dr Graham Green (Dep of Primary Industry, Water & Environment/Hobart Water (DPIWE))

The Derwent Estuary Program: the ultimate clean-up challenge.

The Derwent River, one of the longest rivers in Tasmania, rises from Lake St Clair. After it descends from its pristine source the catchment has become extremely manipulated. Many dams interrupt the flow, vegetation clearance is extensive and there is widespread irrigation. In its lower reaches the Derwent is renowned globally as one of the most contaminated rivers, but it still has aesthetic and recreational values. The DPIWE, in its Derwent Estuary Program, is tackling many of the environmental issues related to the Derwent in conjunction with industry, councils, the community and the Natural Heritage Trust. Partnership agreements will be signed between stakeholders to provide a framework by which to implement agreed management actions.

The major environmental problems are caused by discharges into the river. The worst of these is industrial waste, particularly heavy metals from Pasminco Zinc Smelter, and organic enrichment from the Paper Pulp mill. Sewage is also a big problem and although sewage discharge quality has improved significantly between '96 & '98 due to new bacterial treatments, the 270 urban outfall points are mostly untreated.

Some of the pollutants stimulate bacterial and algal growth, lower oxygen levels and alter the nature of the sediments. Many habitats including kelp beds, seagrass meadows, marshes and swamps have almost disappeared. Seafood safety has declined as the shellfish absorb heavy metals. Oyster and mussel harvesting has been banned, but fishing, crayfishing and abalone harvesting continues despite possible unknown effects.

Boat wastes (e.g. bilge water and ballast water) is largely uncontrolled and brings in infestations of new species. There are over 21 introduced marine pests documented. The Derwent Estuary contains the largest known global population of Northern Pacific Sea Star. The serious decline of the native endangered Spotted Handfish is related to the Sea Star eating substrates on which the Handfish lay their eggs.

Problems on the foreshore include weed invasion, litter and inappropriate development. Other problems are to do with lack of river flow - dams block fish migrations; reduced total flows decrease flushing mechanisms.

Despite the enormous degradation, rehabilitation is beginning. Already bacteria indicators suggest marked improvement in recreational water quality over the last 12 years, and it may be possible to safely swim in the river in the future. On site industrial management has improved - for instance 'bunding' to contain pollutants. Captive breeding programmes and placement of artificial substrates for the endangered Spotted Handfish are proving successful. Sludge affected areas appear to have decreased since 1990. CSIRO and others are doing major research into the Northern Pacific Seastar.

Dr Green explained that The Derwent Estuary Programme is reviewing all problems to arrive at a plan to improve the river.
 
 

Dr Helen Locher (Sr. Environmental Consultant, HEC Tasmania)

Changing Approaches to Management of Tasmania's Hydro-Impacted Waterways.

Between the '20s and the '90s the HEC developed 6 hydroelectricity schemes utilising 35% of Tasmania's catchment area. Originally environmental effects were not considered by the HEC, despite many conflicts with agriculturalists and environmentalists. In the late '80s and early '90s a number of aquatic environmental incidents highlighted the lack of baseline data and management procedures. Following the incidents, such as the Pieman River fish kill, and algal blooms, new legislation was implemented and environmental policy adopted. The last dam was finished in 1993 and no more are proposed within Tasmania. The Hydro has moved from a dam development phase to a manager of these water resources in Tasmania. *

The impacts of existing schemes range from the inundation of 1100 km2 of wetlands to major interbasin transfers and the effects of 107 dams and weirs.

27 hydro power stations regulate downstream flows, which impact upon rivers. Diversion structures mean species can be transferred into other eco systems and flow is reduced in some rivers & increased in others. The schemes interact with a number of regional social issues involving natural heritage, trout fishing, land use, water qualities and quantities, and mining.

To deal with current and potential problems the HEC developed the Aquatic Environmental Program and Policy, benchmark review documents, employment of specialized staff, and a threatened species fish migration program. Principles are based on ESD (Environmentally Sustainable Development), which encompasses responsible management based on environmental expertise, performance reviews and water management decisions.

The outcomes the program hopes to accomplish, include environmental flows, water management plans, State of the Hydro Waterway reporting, etc. Also it is hoped to improve trout fishing, and to restrict migration of Redfin Perch. The Hydro recognises that there is only a remote possibility that there are still Pedder galaxiid in Lake Pedder. The velocity barrier at McPartlan's Canal helps protect the Swamp galaxiids which are known to reside in Lake Pedder. Helen told us that the Mersey River now has a minimum of 2 cubic metres release to keep the river healthy. This costs them 20 gigawatt hours per annum. The program is monitoring for benefits. Helen explained how they used the 'precautionary principle' when they installed a fish barrier in case there is Redfin Perch in Lake Augusta.

Once the program and monitoring is under way alternative options will be assessed. The program is just beginning on an 'impoundment by impoundment', and 'stream by stream' basis. The HEC says that no more dams will be built but the government is offering incentives to upgrade the efficiency of turbines.

*Footnote: HECEC is a privatised offshoot company, and dam-building expertise has been exported to S. E. Asia. (Ed.)
 
 

Andrew Scanlon (Head of Environmental Consultants, HEC, Tasmania)

Introduction to Basslink - Possible futures with or without Basslink.

Basslink is a scheme to install a high voltage, undersea DC cable linking Tasmania's power to the mainland. It will include AC/DC converter stations in Tasmania and Victoria. The Government has declared the project of state significance. National Grid, a British Company, has been nominated as the 'preferred proponent', but the management of Tasmania's waterways for electricity generation is the responsibility of the Hydro-Electric Corporation.

The EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) will be a 'joint assessment process' between Victoria, Tasmania and the Commonwealth. Representatives of these three government agencies will form a Joint Advisory Panel (JAP).

The JAP will undertake the assessment of the Basslink EIA including aquatic issues resulting from changes to HEC operation. This advisory panel of 5 people will firstly issue guidelines to the proponent. The EIA must include reference to the relevant regulations and legislation, such as the State Policy and Projects Act (1993), the Water Management Act (1999), and Hydro-Electricity's 'Special Licence' under the Water Management Act.

Andrew introduced us to two of the HEC's models of the operating system - "TEMSIM" and "SYSOP".

SYSOP is the Hydro's long term System Operations model. It simulates the operation of the generating system to meet an assumed load (electricity demand). It serves a number of purposes including information used in the scheduling of power stations.

TEMSIM, or the Tasmanian Electricity Market Simulation model, is a more recent model that simulates the Tasmanian generating system operating according to market rules within the National Electricity Market. Because this would be the case with Basslink, this model has been used to predict changes to Hydro water management system, which may arise due to a Basslink cable.

Basslink is not anticipated to have major effects on the lake levels. Ito is anticipated to get more efficiency from the 27 power stations by reducing spillage.

There is to be a two-way cable between Tasmania and Victoria. A larger cable would allow more power to be imported in to Tasmania to allow water levels to be maintained during dry periods. When there is plenty of water in the lakes, power would be exported. Andrew said there is a program to identify, address and monitor problems downstream.
 
 

John Parkinson (Environmental Health Officer, Brighton Council)

Disposal of domestic on-site effluent in innovative ways for the health of our rivers.

The Brighton Council and Federal Government are funding 50/50 a 3 year project to harness new technology and improve waste- water treatment and disposal practices. The objectives are to develop sustainable and cost effective alternatives that reduce the impact on the environment. The trials are at environmentally sensitive areas (Honeywood and Baskerville) where dispersive clays are related to erosion problems and the current systems are not sustainable.

Two types of aerobic sand filters are being tried:

1. Aerobic 6m x 2m sand filters with re circulating multi-pass filters that use high rate granular porous media and works on a flow rate 4 times the initial rate to allow for treatment. The system involves biological and physical treatments, which reduce BOD, TSS and turbidity to very low levels, and reduce faecal coliforms and viruses. The most effective system so far, releases 24 small doses at regular intervals to constantly feed the micro-organisms, which break down the organic matter, but not to overload them. The main aim of this system is to physically reduce TSS and BOD to levels so that drip irrigation systems can operate satisfactorily to irrigate landscaped garden areas.
2. The (intermittently dosed) single passing aerobic sand filter that uses wetland plants to filter out effluent, then a sand filter. The effluent is distributed onto the garden in six different areas to avoid saturation. The single pass filter on trial is 10m x 4m, and waters 400m2 of garden and lawn (5 bedroom house). This system has the potential to re circulate treated effluent back through the W.C. toilet saving 30% of usage.

After the trials Brighton Council will apply to have the systems accredited by the Tasmanian plumbing code and produce a catchment management plan to identify erosion prone areas and failed effluent disposal. It will contain guidelines for rehabilitation and prevention of land disturbances. These recommendations will be available to all developers, landowners and the general public, and will advise them on constraints and requirements prior to planning future developments.

Brighton Council is planning other systems for trialling in the next 2 years.

A book by Tchobanglous & Crites, Small and Decentralized Waste-Water Management Sytems, covers all aspects of waste-water disposal.
 
 

SUNDAY 12^TH MARCH-

Sara Shinkai from Tokyo began the day with a beautiful piece on Japanese River Customs. Japanese rivers are generally short but deep and rapid. Rivers have long been very important in Japan particularly because of the agricultural method using extensive rice paddies. Before the washing machine, washing beside the river was a very important social occasion where information was shared amongst the community and order was kept in the town by this practice. Now the rivers have been polluted by urban waste. The water can no longer be used for fishing or drinking or even dying paper.

Japanese custom believed ancestors lie under the rivers and so rivers are the borders between heaven and earth. The Japanese say that "Life is like a stream of river: powerful, gentle and beautiful. Life is sometimes hard and sometimes easy."
 
 
 
 

Derrick Rutherford (NSW Environmental Protection Authority)

Brett Miners (Snowy Genoa Water Resources Manager, NSW Dept Land and Water Conservation). Expert Panel Environmental Flow Assessments of the Snowy and other rivers affected by the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

In the mid 1990s the proposal to corporatise the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme collided with increasing community frustration over the lack of flow in the Snowy River. There was a wide acceptance of the degraded state of the Snowy and other rivers affected by the Scheme at the time, but limited understanding of their environmental flow needs.

This provided an opportunity to influence and inform, through the provision of integrated scientific advice, the trade-offs that Government's would face in considering environmental flows. Between November 1995 and May 1998, three Expert Panel assessments of environmental flow requirements were undertaken for rivers affected by the Snowy Scheme. The assessments covered the Snowy, upper Murrumbidgee, Geehi, Tooma, Tumut, Goodradigbee and Eucumbene Rivers.

The Expert Panel method was chosen as it provided a rapid interdisciplinary assessment of environmental flow requirements. Key strengths of the method were considered to be the interdisciplinary approach and lower cost. The limitations of the method were also recognised, particularly the qualitative nature of the assessment. The Panels' flow recommendations were thus proposed as preliminary, to be implemented in an adaptive management framework, incorporating long-term monitoring and review. Recommendations for further research and river remediation works were also proposed.

The flow recommendations were structured to mimic key elements of the natural flow regime, to reinstate connectivity, and to restore and maintain important channel and habitat characteristics, with recognition of the fundamental linkages between hydrology, geomorphology, habitat and biota. In addressing these issues, it was considered that the ecological processes necessary to sustain an ecology broadly representative of pre-Scheme condition could be maintained.

The three scheme Expert Panel assessments of rivers affected by the Snowy Mountains Scheme have progressed earlier applications of this methodology. The assessments have been the focus of vigorous public debate over environmental flows for the Snowy Mountains rivers and have led to further research and monitoring programs to improve our understanding of these rivers.
 
 

Dr Graham Green (Dept. Primary Industry, Water and Environment / Hobart Water) North West Bay River Catchment Management: Slide Show

The North West Bay River flows 25 km from Mt Wellington summit plateau to Margate and into North West Bay. From the Wellington Plateau it flows over Wellington Falls to the gorge below and continues through beautiful rocky chasms. The flashy river (of extreme high and low flows) has very good quality, which is one of the reasons why a weir and intake system diverts all the flow, at one point, through a pipe to supply Hobart with 20% of its' drinking water.

Nothing flows below the weir, and it is a long way downstream before enough water runs into the river to begin the flow again. Dr Graham Green used his slides to show us the impacts waste- water, together with inappropriate rural management, has had on the river. Roads and a leaking pipe contributed to landslides that carry soil (nutrients) into the river. Inappropriate subdivision drainage cause erosion and siltation problems. Where the ground was disturbed, weeds now grow. Willows are starting to displace the native vegetation and, where they grow in the river channel, are changing the morphology and the river ecology. By providing shade they change the light regime and temperature. Inappropriate septic tanks allow bacteria pathogens to enter the water. When the flow is low, fertilizers increase the amount of nutrients that seep into the river, providing food for algae which then blooms and chokes the natural wildlife. Stock in and near the water lead to bacterial nutrient problems, erosion and weed infestation. In places Spanish heath and Broom are rife upon the banks, and as well as being an ecological nuisance, they greatly decrease aesthetic values.

North West Bay Catchment Management group is starting to deal with willows and are planting trees to stabilize banks. Work is being done to look at the environmental flow downstream and the effects of extracting all the water from below the weir. Scientific studies are being undertaken now to determine how much water is needed for the environment. These are just some of the actions being taken by the group. Their complete management plan brings together the diversity of interests, opinions and concerns related to the North West Bay River and its catchment area. It aims to provide balanced solutions and outcomes for the long term management of the land and water resources of the area.

For more information on up-to-date catchment management, contact Kingborough council for a copy of the Plan.
 
 

Todd Walsh (Waterwatch, Smithton) The Endangered Fresh Water Crayfish: River work, Waterwatch, and Freshwater Lobster in North-West Tasmania.

Todd brought a fresh approach to dealing with river degradation. His tool is the Giant Freshwater Lobster: Astacopsis gouldi, the biggest freshwater crustacean in the world.

The lobster has been classified as "vulnerable" and has recently been banned from fishing. Threatened by habitat destruction, (both instream and riperian), poaching, chemicals and introduced species, the Lobster occupies all types of rivers, on the banks and in shallow and deep waters, in all areas of North West Tasmania.. So the flow on effect is very beneficial for protection of all other species in the rivers.

In trying to save the Lobster, Todd takes the 'no-blame' approach and instead spreads positive stories of what has been achieved. In return he receives much interest from all angles - farmers who have looked after their lobsters for many years, and people who are concerned - and he finds himself in high demand. Often the problems are political, (for example, farmers are allowed to clear right up to the banks of rivers on their land), or to do with poor research, (for example the NHT don't have a plan, and react without it, removing willows - despite any knowledge of the effect they are having). He encountered inaction from Parks and Wildlife who had no imput until the media got on their back. He has also encountered problems with selective preservation. The North West is not usually seen as an important ecological area, but once again Todd finds publicity makes all the difference.

In his publicity Todd targets main stream people and notices that positive talking is always the best 'battle winning' technique. Farmers know all the bad stuff that's happened to the environment because they live in it!

What has been done to save the lobster so far includes major surveys, lots of on site work through the Tayatea Landcare group, and awareness education. He is targeting the future by educating kids into loving the Lobsters. He has talked to 2500+ school children, universities, footy clubs and other associations and at festivals. The media component is a major part of his campaign. The lobsters had a slot on 60 minutes; they will be on ABC in 'The Living Eden' in October, and more than 30 print articles have been published. The lobster website has had more than 17000 hits from 50 countries. T-shirts have been printed, and posters in pubs and schools relate lobsters to clean rivers. Todd doesn't usually preach to the converted, and understands the need to get the majority involved. So it is planned to send a lobster around Australia to be signed by celebrities.

As governments don't usually do the right thing by the environment, they are of little help unless you get the people to help first and the government will follow on. Major political manipulation can be achieved via media. Then you have to 'strike while the iron's hot' - (while the 'pollies' are aware of the issue) - take an honest approach, and ask them for 'a fair go'.

Often, a rigid scientific approach, or the 'ivory tower' syndrome, does not work. In time, people focus on popular things and that's how decisions get made. Why waste time trying to prove something that you know - if someone wants to challenge the facts, let them do the hard work. The local communities usually know a lot of facts; and a reliable source of information is by talking and listening to 'those-who-were-there-and-saw-it'. Doing it on your own terms and worrying later is the way to play the game.

From his efforts Todd has recruited 2 new environmental studies students from the agricultural community. He's got the so called "red-necks" on side, even though the Forestry Commission is reacting nervously to the Lobster campaign because the lobster group want a corridor 100m wide on both sides of the rivers. By concentrating on achievable goals such, as stock being fenced out and replanting, you can pretty much leave a river to fix itself. Big results are being seen in North West Tas. Attitudes are starting to change (loggers love helping with their machinery). It does take time for practical matters to follow but you have to give everyone a chance.

For more information contact: Threatened Species Unit, Hobart, 62336556.

Inland Fisheries Service, Ulverstone, Tasmania, 64298774.
 
 

Steve Curtain. Protecting the Wongungarra River: Slide show.

The upper Wongungarra River valley is an undisturbed catchment, a rare thing in the Victorian Alps. This unique valley is over 1000m deep with no vehicle tracks or sign of human activity. The area appears to have completely escaped the 1939 fires, and its upper slopes are predominantly old growth alpine ash. The other vegetation varies from heath and snow grass on the upper ridges to snow gums, peppermints and river gums. It was a gaping 'hole' in the National Park due to the timber interest. The Wilderness Society identified the Wongungarra as the last undisturbed, unprotected wilderness area in Victoria. Finally in August 1999 it was added to the Alpine National Park.

The endangered Spotted Tree Frog was a major reason for saving the area. Media coverage including publicity in The Age, Wild Magazine and The Australian was a major factor in raising awareness, and ultimately the protection, of this alpine gem.
 
 

Monday 13^th March 2000

Field trip to the Huon-Serpentine Impoundment to view the Middle Gordon Hydro Scheme - focus on dam sites, interpretation of restoration plan - Professor Peter Tyler - and blessing of the original Lake Pedder by the Tibetan Gyuto Monk - Tensin Karma, on behalf of all the monks.  For further details on the monks' visit, click here.
 
 

Saturday 18^th March 2000

Margie Law (TERRA (Towards Ecological Recovery and Regional Alliance) Thailand)

In June 1999 Margie Law moved from Hobart to Bangkok to work for a Thai-based regional organisation called TERRA. Through her work with TERRA Margie has first hand experience of the dams of the Mekong. TERRA is concerned with the environment from the perspective of the people who live there, as well as the fisheries and forests, wildlife and ecosystems at risk. The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank really think they are making lives better but the proponents of the economic benefits make promises that never eventuate. Margie said: "Our politicians and engineers have been there before me with greed in their eyes. The Tasmanian Government privatised the main (Tasmanian) 'actor', HECEC, and for years people have failed to gain information on projects because of "commercial-in-confidence grounds. It is time Tasmanians expressed concern on moral grounds".

From 1965 - 1980, 35,000 people were resettled in north-east Thailand by big dams. They were forced off their own land by inundation. This "development" is largely seen to be acceptable by people around the world. Australian, Nordic and American as well as other Asian countries are all in this, with the people in power leading. Companies gain legitimacy - e.g. the Tasmanian government officials attended the signing between the HECEC and the Lao Government for Xe Kaman while they were in Laos for the commencement of the Friendship Bridge in 1997. One of the 'guiding light' projects in Asia is the Murray-Darling Scheme.

Australian companies such as HECEC have protection through the Export Credit Agency which guarantees returns to private companies working overseas if anything goes wrong with their project.

TERRA challenges mainstream development ethos. There are no local people who say the dam development is a good thing. Yes, they would like electricity, but that's not the question. The question is HOW do they get the electricity? The Mekong River Commission, set up by the United Nations (1960's,'70's & '80's) to plan development of the Mekong River, proposed 7 huge dams on the mainstream of the river and over 200 dams on tributaries. Initially for irrigation and flood control, the economic boom in Thailand in the '80's changed that to a demand for electricity, and they opted to dam the tributaries. The Mekong Commission philosophy is that the Mekong River flow wasted to the sea. Margie showed a map of the proposed dams and explained that 65 million people live where these dams are planned. Because of the possibility of a dam, these areas are treated differently - they get no more investments from the government who regard them all as potentially getting ready for resettlement.

As an example of the impact of the dams, Margie expanded on the Bud Mun dam in Thailand where the World Bank invested $26m which gave legitimacy to the Thai government's forced resettlement of thousands of local people. Her slides were visually graphic - especially with regard to the villagers whose lives have been drastically changed in Thailand since a military coup in 1991. When people were trying to stop a dam the police beat them up. Today people gather in thousands but they can speak out. There's a new economic liberalisation.
 
 

Brighton Council - WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT IN BRIGHTON, TAS

Huon Valley Council - HEALTHY RIVERS PROJECT

Prosser River Landcare - RIPARIAN WEEDS AND EROSION - CASE STUDY

Tasmanian River Catchments - USE AND MISUSE
 

The forum was organised by Pedder 2000 Inc. for the Living Rivers Festival in conjunction with the Battery Point, Sullivan’s Cove Community Association Inc.